feat: add sentinel search algorithm

[hasanalkaf3]

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Describe your change:

• [ ✅ ] Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• [ ✅ ] I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• [ ✅ ] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• [ ✅ ] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• [ ✅ ] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• [ ✅ ] All new JavaScript files are placed inside an existing directory.
• [ ✅ ] All filenames should use the UpperCamelCase (PascalCase) style. There should be no spaces in filenames.
  Example:UserProfile.js is allowed but userprofile.js,Userprofile.js,user-Profile.js,userProfile.js are not
• [ ✅ ] All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• [ ✅ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 84.68%. Comparing base (9010481) to head (b078444).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #1683      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   84.65%   84.68%   +0.03%     
==========================================
  Files         378      379       +1     
  Lines       19744    19784      +40     
  Branches     2951     2956       +5     
==========================================
+ Hits        16715    16755      +40     
  Misses       3029     3029              

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